Thermal biology in river buffalo in the humid tropics: neurophysiological and behavioral responses assessed by infrared thermography

The present review aims to analyze the effect of extremely hot climates on neurophysiological responses thermal control and behavior in river buffalo. Understanding neuromodulation its effects buffalo’s is central importance, for this will allow us make better decisions terms improving level welfare buffaloes living environments characterized by extreme heat, such as humid tropics. thermoregulation process involves a complex mechanism that begins with integration peripheral signals are sent lateral parabrachial nucleus brainstem then preoptic hypothalamus generate physiological variations vasodilatation dissipate heat under conditions stress, or vasoconstriction conserve upon perception cold stimuli. biology buffalo based several different adaptation mechanisms. infrared thermography (IRT) technique be great help area because it permits detection vascular microcirculation changes windows adverse climatic conditions. Although classified rustic animals, important take into account their morpho-physiology mechanisms prevent stress resulting poor reduced productivity. However, if appropriate facilities provided (i.e., ponds, pools, potholes, swampy areas), can properly thermoregulate tolerate high ambient temperatures. Therefore, they may represent good option an animal-based enterprise climate change global warming